Overview of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a chronic digestive disorder that affects the lower esophageal sphincter (LES), the ring of muscle between the esophagus and stomach. The LES is responsible for closing off the esophagus after food enters the stomach to prevent acid from flowing back up into the esophagus. In GERD, the LES does not function properly and allows stomach acid and bile to flow back up into the esophagus, causing irritation and inflammation of the lining of the esophagus.

Common symptoms of GERD include heartburn, regurgitation of stomach acid or bile into the mouth, difficulty swallowing, and chest pain. Some people with GERD may also experience a chronic cough, hoarseness, or asthma-like symptoms.

Factors that may contribute to the development of GERD include obesity, smoking, pregnancy, certain medications, and certain medical conditions such as hiatal hernia and scleroderma. Treatment for GERD typically involves lifestyle changes, such as losing weight and avoiding trigger foods, as well as medication to reduce the amount of acid produced by the stomach. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to repair the LES or strengthen it to prevent acid reflux.